The disc herniation is one of the most frequent pathologies in the neurosurgical practice. Localization of a portion or all of it in the intradural space is an uncommon complication that can be difficult to differentiate clinically and imagingly from both common hernias and intradural tumors. Its diagnosis is often presumptive until the moment of the surgical treatment. A clinical case of intradural lumbar disc herniation at the L2-L3 level is presented and a review of the pathogenesis, clinical features, imaging findings, treatment and prognosis of these lesions is performed.

Spinal cord injury is infrequent from infancy to pre-adolescence. The incidence of traumatic lesions of the infantile spinal cord in relation to all age groups oscillates between 0.65% and 11%. Spinal injuries in relation to mild head injuries are 1 / 25-30, and severe head injuries are 1/20; However this incidence may not be as reliable because the statistics are not including minor problems or those that are not hospitalized or survive before reaching the hospital. Cirak et al. have recently studied 406 children under 14 years of age with spinal trauma, with 4% of the total number of patients admitted to the hospital.
The age of 5 to 14 years was predominant in the 36 cases studied. From the study by Cirak et al the average age was 9 years. It has been observed a higher incidence of males in a ratio of 2-3: 1 compared to the female sex; This difference is remarkable in10 years old. This is due to the greater concern, carrying out activities that demand greater risk (sports practice, driving motor vehicles, etc.) and drug consumption by older children and adolescents. On the other hand we have observed that these traumatic problems of the rachis and marrow occur mainly in the evenings and nights. Ducker and Perot report that in their cases studied at night and dawn were the predominant moments.

Minimally invasive surgical procedure performed through a single hole in the skull (monoportal), with the use of a neuroendoscope to allow the fenestration of the floor of the third ventricle, thus communicating the ventricular system with the subarachnoid space.
The third endoscopic ventriculostomy indications are: Obstructive or Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus (as the main indication) for: Silvio aqueduct stenosis, Tumor obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid circulation. In other types of hydrocephalus its efficacy is lower.

Currently four types of treatment are used: Surgery, Radiotherapy (RT), Chemotherapy (QT) and Immunotherapy (IT). Surgery is the most common treatment for intracranial tumors. RT is the use of X-rays or gamma and its purpose is to eliminate tumor cells from the outside and reduce their size (external beam RT); RT can also be used by placing radioactive materials into the tumor, through thin plastic tubes, radioisotopes, in order to remove the tumor cells from the inside (internal RT). QT uses drugs to kill tumor cells. It can be administered orally, parenterally or intrathecally; QT is considered a systemic treatment.

Retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of 34 patients, women 18, men 16; average age 50.8 years, with diagnosis of degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis (with degenerative component), Treated surgically with transpedicular fixation (FT) + arthrodesis Posterolateral (APL), in the Department of Neurosurgery of the Guillermo Almenara National Hospital between January 1966 and December 2004. The preoperative symptomatology was lumbar pain, neurogenic claudication and root pain. The predominant lesion level was L4-L5 and L5-S1. The degree of listesis Was: I: 6, II: 26 and III: 2. The reduction of the listesis was: total 18, partial 14 and non-reduction 2. The postoperative was with total or partial remission of low back pain in 31 (91%), total remission of neurogenic claudication and root pain in 30 (100%). The Oswestry Scale (functional disability) average: preoperative 64% and postoperative 24%, showed a significant difference (p <0.05). The persistence of residual low back pain mild in 25 (73%) was not associated with the degree of reduction of the listesis (p> 0.05). This results Demonstrate that FTP associated with APL optimizes the results of symptomatic spondylolisthesis surgery of adults with a progressive neurological condition that does not improve with conservative treatment.

Despite the large amount of experimental and clinical research that has been carried out in order to find a way to prevent and treat cerebral vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a ruptured brain aneurysm, this is a devastating complication. The first part of this review outlines the most important and recent experimental studies that have contributed to the advancement in understanding the mechanisms leading to cerebral vasospasm. The second part deals with therapeutic trials, based on this pathophysiological knowledge. The prevention and treatment of vasospasm or "narrowing" of the great arteries of the base of the brain, and the prevention and treatment of the consequence of this arterial "narrowing", the delayed ischemic deficit, reviewing the most accepted medical treatments.

Key words: Subarachnoid haemorrhage; Cerebral vasospasm; Impaired ischemic deficit.